Han Empire was among the kingdoms which developed along the river valley. In china state kingdoms was emerged due to two major factors which are wars and irrigation agriculture along the river valley. Han Empire was the results of the collapse of Chin or Qin dynasty. The Qin dynasty was the first dynasty of imperial lasting from 221 to 206 BC was founded by Qin Shi Huang. Chin dynasty collapse due to stricter government and was not shaped by   religion. Through those failures of Qin dynasty the Han raised and created more lasting political structure and reshaped in the religion. The Han dynasty of China, founded in 206 BC when the rebel leader LIU BANG successfully ended the Qin dynasty. The Han dynasty lasted for 4^th centuries and is considered a golden age in Chinese history. WU-DI came after several rivals; Chinese forces pushed Nomads toward Europe also there are group who pushed west were Hun’s. The following are the factors for the rise of Han Dynasty Empire.

            Involvement in Trade, the Han found in central Asia allowed for the establishment of over-land trade routes between China and West Asia. For example, lively caravan route known as the Silk Road for its most valuable India, The Middle East and southern Europe. Some of these goods reached Rome, Silk was most desired product since it was light weight and easily packed large quantities were carried west by each caravans then returned with horses and luxury goods such as Egyptian bead red sea pearls and Baltic amber. The Silk Road and the trade network that is shaped greatly influenced the people are who participated in the trade.

            Government stability, the Han period saw the emergence of government structure that survived in its basic form until the early of 20^th century, whereas the Qin had sought to transform China in one brutal stroke than were more pragmatic and cautions. Under emperor WU-DI and LIU BANG the government expanded its economic role and income in an attempt to stabilize price, government would prevent prices from soaring, besides the government monopolized the affair of the merchants an attempt that increase government revenue.

[1]

Taxation and government revenue, the rise of dynasties also correlated with economic

Trends, a strong new dynasty initially generated security and prosperity which led to

Population increase and additional tax revenues, the whole society depended on Agriculture

where as land tax, head tax were main source of government revenue.

            Peace and Agriculture productivity, the Han government softened legalism with Confucian humanism, demonstrating that Confucian philosophy could maintain stability in the wake of momentous change. They adopted the advice of the Confucian Mengzi, who argued that “when person life is cultivated, the family will be regulated, the state will be in order and when the state is in order, there will be peace throughout the land” and this will result to high productivity in agriculture lead to increase of government income.

            Instructional and ideological policies, during Han times the civil services developed, in early Han era the bureaucracy comprised some 130,000 officials or 1 for every 400, to 500 people. The dynasty institutional and ideological policies contributed to the formation of a bureaucracy staffed by men who shared not only similar background. The central government mainly existed to ensure law, order and border defense and its bureaucracy collected taxes, administrated the legal system and officered military forces.

            Revolts against Qin dynasty, the Chin dynasty was under Xiang Yu and Han was lead by Liu Bang in the 247 to 195 BC who had a background village. Liu Bang skills improved more than the lasted leaders of Chin dynasty Xiang Yu. The Han developed policies and military that led Liu pang became a victory.

            Strong leadership of the King Liu Pang, the king Liu pang of Han dynasty built a strong state which was greatly modified the Qins harsh legalist structure. He established kingdoms in eastern China for members of his aim family were managed by court appointed officials who were responsible to king Liu Pang, these vassals state offered tribute the strength of empire.

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Centralization of power, in Han empire political system was vested  in the hand of emperor, official were graded by rank and salaries were controlled from the capital, these ranks include chancellor, director of the secretariat all these deriver the power from the King. Not only Han Empire raised but also there are some factors which lead to the collapse of Han Empire, these as the follows.[3]

            Oppression of Peasants, the Han dynasty had experienced the great oppression to the peasants, for example; in order to meet the growing deficit the government raised taxes, forcing many poor peasants to sell their land to wealth owners, hence revenues further declined. The Han dynasty finally collapsed in 220C.E so the critical factors was peasant revolts, powerfully landed family contending for power and raided by pastoralist from the borderland.

            Deterioration of the quality and effectiveness of the government, Han government could no longer fund the military commitment to protect the state and it became vulnerable, and some bureaucrats became corrupt. Also government over extended imperial power and squandering human and financial resources, not only on wars of expansion but also in place and country luxury.

            Largeness of the empire, the Han Empire made some efforts to expand their territory by the use of expansionism war in which finally became a very large empire hence resulted to the failure of the government to manage it as a whole. For example; used his army to establish colonies control over North Korea, Vietnam and also extend to Afghanistan that lead to the collapse of Han Empire.

            Natural disaster and warfare, the Han empire experienced with different natural disasters like floods and drought, where as Han agriculture depended on hard physical labor especially in growing rice, field had to be flooded with irrigation water and drained and the rice had to be sown, transplanted and harvest all by hand.

            In fact that, due to the fall of Han empire, was accompanied by different impacts as shortage of land, population pressure which fermented rebellion, at times of endemic unrest caused by bad harvesters , official corruption, peasants were revolts

REFERENCES OF BOOKS.

1.      Lockard C.A: (2008).A Global history. Houghton mifftin company

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[1] Lockard C.A: (2008).A Global history. Houghton mifftin company

[2] Lockard C.A: (2008).A Global history. Houghton mifftin company

[3] Lockard C.A: (2008).A Global history. Houghton mifftin company